Appalachian Riddles

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Riddles in Archives

Digital Library of Appalachia. Appalachian College Association. A collection of digital reproductions of print, visual, audio and video items from archives in colleges affiliated with ACA. Enter "riddle" into search box to access print or audio texts. One example is 4 pages of typewritten riddles from Edna Lucille Miller's 1938 collection from the mountains of Western North Carolina, including the following.

Riddles in Books, Articles, and Recordings

Alvey, R. Gerald. "Riddles and Puzzles." Kentucky Folklore. Lexington: Univ. Press of KY, 1989. pp. 32-36. New Books for New Readers series. In a 60-page book that introduces the concept of culture, folk speech, and different kinds of folklore, such as songs, tales, riddles, proverbs, rhymes, and customs, brief examples of types of folklore are given. This chapter discusses riddles as both entertainment and "a form of teaching and mental exercise" (p. 32).

Burton, Thomas G, and Ambrose N. Manning. A Collection of Folklore by Undergraduate Students of East Tennessee State University. Johnson City: Research Advisory Council, East Tennessee State University, 1966. Includes "Riddles and Friendship Verses. A Collection of Riddles" by Patsy Buck (see Higgs, below).

Carter, Isabel Gordon. "Mountain White Riddles." Journal of American Folklore, vol. 47, No. 183 (Jan. - Mar. 1934): pp. 76-80. Available online through library services such as JSTOR. Contains examples of riddles from the southern Blue Ridge of eastern TN and western NC, many of which were from Jane Hicks Gentry in 1923. All but one of the riddles was rhymed. Gentry told Carter "that in her 'mother's day they used to tell riddles all night long, and the best riddle got a prize but in my day they sang all night long and the best song got a prize" (76). Most of her informants felt that the telling of riddles was declining. Carter provides several variants of some riddles, showing that different informants told the same riddles. She discusses beliefs that riddles had been used in courts of law and people had won their freedom by solving riddles. The article ends with two riddles whose answers have been lost. Two examples from the article that do have answers:

Chase, Richard. American Folk Tales and Songs, and Other Examples of English-American Tradition as Preserved in the Appalachian Mountains and Elsewhere in the United States. Illus. Joshua Tolford. New York: New American Library of World Literature, 1956. Rpt. New York: Dover, 1971. Some riddles are included between selections. The following is one of two sent by Boyd Bolling of Flat Gap, Virginia, who ended them with "unriddle those / don't look on the other side" (p. 159).

Davis, Judith A. Rhymes & Riddles of a Country Teacher. Parsons, WV: McClain Printing, 2003. N. Pag. "This title combines rhymes and riddles for children with inspirational poetry to create an impressive collection for all ages" (publisher's description). Paperback with b/w illustrations and clip art.

Dorson, Richard M. Buying the Wind: Regional Folklore in the United States. Chicago, 1964. The third section is devoted to "Southern Mountaineers," with Jack Tales, Jocular Tales, Murder Legends and Ballads, Cante Fables, Riddles, Folk Drama, and Carols. The introduction to this section summarizes the collection of ballads and tales in southern Appalachia.

Farr, Sidney Saylor. My Appalachia: A Memoir. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007. Farr, a writer from Stoney Fork, KY, includes 11 riddles heard in her childhood, in a section called "The Power of Riddles" (pp. 35-37), within a chapter on humor. Farr discusses riddles as "both an intellectual exercise and form of entertainment that goes back as far in history as we have any knowledge of man's intellectual doings" (p. 35). She observes that the best known riddle in Appalachia is still the legendary Riddle of the Sphinx that Oedipus answered in ancient Greece.

Hedrick, Helen Groves. Rattlesnake Riddle. Illus. Sara Miller. Parsons, WV: McClain Printing, 2002. 48 pp. "On the high plateau of the Allegheny Highlands in West Virginia lies a picturesque scenic spot called Dolly Sods. Historical importance and natural beauty are presented in this third book for children by Helen Hedrick. In their childhood, Boo and Eze found a breathtaking patch of spring wildflowers beneath a hemlock tree. To their surprise, a timber rattler nearby was enjoying the warmth of a bright spring day. While it lay very still on a big rock, the girls silently slipped away from the poisonous snake. Years later, Miss Eze became a teacher and inspired many children to look, listen and learn about all living things. The book presents adventurous danger in a unique manner that you will remember for a long time. The secretive riddle is revealed as you explore the story" (publisher's description).

Sarah Ann Harmon Hicks riddle. In Ebel, Julia Taylor. Orville Hicks: Mountain Stories, Mountain Roots. Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair, 2006. "A biography for ages 8 to adult," based on extensive conversations with members of the Hicks family. On p. 13, Orville tells how he laughed at his mother's riddles, including the following.

Hicks, Orville, and Julia Taylor Ebel. Jack Tales and Mountain Yarns, As Told By Orville Hicks. Illus. Sherry Jenkins Jensen. Boone, NC: Parkway Publishers, 2009. Afterword by Thomas McGowan. 189 pp. More than twenty tales transcribed by Ebel during her extensive association with Hicks, as well as tributes and biographical material on the popular Beech Mountain storyteller. Texts of folk songs and riddles also appear. Some of the tales are about people and folkways in his own family history. Hicks discusses Jack and inserts comments on his favorites and his family's responses to different tales. Contains a glossary with notes on Orville's words and grammar, a study guide section with discussion questions and activities, and bibliographic material. See also AppLit's list of Folktale Collections Indexed in AppLit.

Higgs, Robert J., Ambrose N. Manning, and Jim Wayne Miller, eds. Appalachia Inside Out: A Sequel to Voices from the Hills. Vol. 2, Culture and Custom. Knoxville: U of TN Pr, 1995. Essays, stories, and poems on all aspects of Appalachian studies, including folklore, humor, and education. The examples below are from 5.5 pages of riddles "collected by Patsy Buck from English students at Elizabethton High School, Elizabethton, TN" in the 1960s.

Jones, Loyal. My Curious and Jocular Heroes: Tales and Tale-Spinners from Appalachia. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 2017. This book's section on Leonard Roberts discusses his sources and recordings of riddles and other folklore in eastern Kentucky, mostly collected between 1949 and 1959. It contains eight riddles in rhyme and prose, with answers, from the Berea College Roberts Collection, box 34, folders 8-11. The first riddle was Roberts' favorite, one in which rhyming and alliterative nonsense words must be interpreted, such as "Wiglam Waglam" referring to a field. Another is a version of the dilemma about getting three things across a river one at a time without leaving any of them to eat each other, or eat the grain while they wait on the shore. Jones also mentions in his introduction to Josiah H. Combs that he collected riddles. This book also contains jokes by Roberts and three other Appalachian collectors.

Jones, Loyal and Billy Edd Wheeler. Laughter in Appalachia: A Festival of Southern Mountain Humor. Little Rock: August House, 1987. The same riddle above appears in this book. A few of the jokes in this book are in question-and-answer form and some are like riddles put into story form. The following example is titled "Practical Way" (p. 110).

Jones, Loyal and Billy Edd Wheeler. More Laughter in Appalachia: Southern Mountain Humor. Little Rock: August House, 1995. The fourth collection by this pair includes "humorous jokes, anecdotes, poems, riddles, and songs, not to mention a nineteenth-century sermon, a backwoods political speech, and a comical arrest warrant" (back cover). They collected material from a variety of sources, including school children in Kentucky, and celebrities such as Chet Atkins and Minnie Pearl. Includes Introduction on rural humor and two 1993 essays: "The Laughing Snake" by Jim Wayne Miller and "Taking Laughter Seriously" by Howard R. Pollio. Most of the two pages of riddles "were collected by children in the White Hal Elementary School, Madison County, Kentucky" (pp. 162-64

Justus, May. The Complete Peddler's Pack: Games, Songs, Rhymes, and Riddles from Mountain Folklore. Illus Jean Tamburine. Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1967. Justus wrote that the riddles and other rhymes and songs she "learned from my family, kinfolk, friends, and schoolmates....were part of the common knowledge in our community. They were picked up here and there, passed along from one person to another" (p. xi).The book contains four pages of riddles, all in rhymes of more than one line, including the following.

Justus, May. Lucky Penny. Illus. Frederick T. Chapman. New York: Aladdin, 1951. In a chapter called "If We Had a Wagon," hauling gets harder as the wood gets stuck in rainy ground. Needing a wagon is "a riddle that has no answer, yet" (p. 44). Uncle Bildad Cooley has trouble with his two-mule wagon full of mail. The boys loan him their mules in exchange for using his wagon to haul the wood. On their first day, they fool the teacher by hiding under the mail sack when the load of wood arrives at the school. The boys are proud of the winter clothes they order out of the wish book with their earnings. The next chapter is "Jimmy's First Party": Tommy Tyler invites the boys to a bean-shelling party at his house, with games, songs, and riddles. The preparations, games ("Hull-gull"—guessing numbers of beans in one's hand), play-party games ("Go In and Out the Window," "Skip-to-My-Lou," "London Bridge") are described. Jimmy learns what candy apples are.

Justus, May. "The Riddle Party." Children of the Great Smoky Mountains. Illus. Robert Henneberger. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1952. When Jimmy and Davy Carr have to stay home from school on a rainy day, their grandparents on Little Twin Mountain decide to keep them occupied with a riddle party and popcorn. They hope to introduce riddle parties to their teacher who shares stories, songs, and new games on rainy days. Signs and sayings about rain are included as well as several riddles. About four riddles are included (which also appear in The Complete Peddler's Pack).

Justus, May. Susie. Illus. Christine Chisholm. Chicago: Albert Whitman, 1947. 48 pp. Includes the musical score and words for "Lazy Lady," a humorous song about having one's animals stolen, and lots of information on the healing uses of herbs. Susie Linders, age 10, helps her mother gather and prepare herbs on Little Twin Mountain. Mammy has wisdom but no schooling. Susie and her twin brothers dread the Spring Tea that she makes everyone take to prevent or cure ailments. Susie is not as beautiful as other girls but she would rather romp and run wild and free as the wind than roll her hair on cornstalks or wear a bonnet. When the peddler Step-Along spends the night, he and Pappy trade stories and they sing to Pappy's fiddle and tell riddles. Step-Along's cold turns into a more serious illness with rheumatism. In return for their care of him, he gives each person a gift that this poorest of families couldn't afford from his pack.

Justus, May. The Wonderful School. Illus. Hilde Hoffmann. New York: Golden, 1969. Rpt. 1972. This Little Golden Book contains a poem about a teacher who always has fun with her very small pupils. "There once was a very unusual school/That had for its teacher Miss Tillie O'Toole./She taught all her lessons in riddles and rhyme,/And those who learned quickest were given a dime." Short rhyming lessons are given through to the end: "I'm sure there was never a happier school/Than the one that was taught by Miss Tillie O'Toole."

Milnes, Gerald. Granny Will Your Dog Bite and Other Mountain Rhymes. Illus. Kimberly Bulcken Root. New York: Knopf, 1990. Rhymes, song, and riddles collected by the author in WV since 1975. Only illustrations give clues to the answer of the riddles scattered through the book. See also AppLit Lesson plan on Granny Will Your Dog Bite and Other Mountain Rhymes.

Montgomery, Michael. "Speech Play." Encyclopedia of Appalachia. Ed. Rudy Abramson and Jean Haskell. Knoxville: Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2006. Includes several examples of riddles.

Roberts, Leonard, ed. I Bought Me a Dog: A Dozen Authentic Folktales from the Southern Mountains. Berea, KY: The Council of the Southern Mountains, 1954. Contains folk 13 riddles and song "The Bachelor Boy" as well as a dozen folktales. (Some of these tales are also in South From Hell-fer-Sartin', 1955.) Roberts observes that "riddles are probably as old as language itself. Samson offered one at festivities that took place at least 1200 B. C."

Roberts, Leonard, ed. Nippy and the Yankee Doodle, and Other Authentic Folk Tales from the Southern Mountains. Berea, KY: The Council of the Southern Mountains, 1958. Includes 8 folk riddles between the tales.

Roberts, Leonard. Raglif, Jaglif, Tetartlif, Pole. Audiocassette. Berea, KY: Appalachian Center, Berea College, 1993. Side 1. Raglif, Jaglif, Tetartlif, Pole, Irishmen Tales, Jack Outwits the Giant, Riddles. Side 2. Daniel Boone's Hunting Trip, Jack and the Bull Strap, Remarks by Dr. Roberts on Appalachian Region.This recording was produced by folklorist Steven Green ten years after Roberts' death.

Schores, Daniel. "Riddle Me a Riddle: The Southern Tradition of Riddles." Appalachian Heritage: A Magazine of Southern Appalachian Life & Culture, vol. 17:2 (Spring 1989): pp. 58-63.

Van Laan, Nancy. With a Whoop and a Holler: A Bushel of Lore from Way Down South. Illus. Scott Cook. New York: Atheneum, 1998. Tales, rhymes, riddles, and superstitions from the Bayou, the Deep South, and the Mountains, with a map. "Country Riddles" on pp. 40-41 are from Journal of American Folklore 1917-1922; they are from across the South—not necessarily from Appalachia but the same ones are found in Appalachian collections. The amusing illustrations depict quirky human and animal characters in earth tones. Source notes and bibliography included.

Riddles Collected by James Still

Still, James. An Appalachian Mother Goose. Illus. Paul Bret Johnson. KY: Kentucky UP, 1998.

Still, James. Rusties and Riddles & Gee-Haw Whimmy-Diddles. Illus. Janet McCaffery. Lexington, KY: UP of Kentucky, 1989. N. pag. Reprint of combined volumes Way Down Yonder on Troublesome Creek (1974) and The Wolfpen Rusties (1975). The introduction explains that rusties were “turns of wit, tricks of words, or common pranks.” McCaffery's black and white woodcuts from the original editions, on every double-page spread, add to the fun of the rhymes with a variety of shapes and page designs.

Way Down Yonder includes over 80 riddles with the answers written upside down, one riddle in the shape of a snail, one mnemonic for learning to spell geography, several nonsense rhymes, two pieces that focus on place names of Kentucky, and a verse at the end guarding against loss of the book. The introduction describes folklife in the past on Troublesome Creek, observing that in addition to telling stories at home, people, "sprung riddles and pulled rusties."
One of the rhyming riddles on Kentucky place names appears as the poem "Post Offices" in From the Mountain, From the Valley (a book of poems by Still, 2001, p. 55).
Wolfpen Rusties contains over 40 riddles.

The Riddle Song

Sharp, Cecil J. American-English Folk-Songs from the Southern Appalachian Mountains. New York: Schirmer, 1918.

Chase, Richard. American Folk Tales and Songs, and Other Examples of English-American Tradition as Preserved in the Appalachian Mountains and Elsewhere in the United States. Illus. Joshua Tolford. New York: New American Library of World Literature, 1956. Rpt. New York: Dover, 1971. Also in LP recording American Folktales and Songs. New York: New American Library, Tradition Recordings, 1957. Includes "The Riddle Song" with words and music from several sources, and program notes by Richard Chase in the recording.

Krull, Kathleen, and Allen Garns. Gonna Sing My Head Off!: American Folk Songs for Children. New York: A. Knopf, 1995. 145 pp. Musical scores including "The Riddle Song," "Down in the Valley," and "On Top of Old Smokey" from Kentucky, and "John Henry" from WV. Other songs labeled Appalachian: "Barnyard Song (I Had a Cat)" and "Mockingbird Song (Hush Little Baby)." Some others are listed as Southern.

May Justus: The Carawan Recordings. Knoxville, TN: Jubilee Community Arts, 2011. Sound recording. "Children's author May Justus performs ballads and folk songs, stories, children's songs and games remembered from her childhood in Cocke County. From field recordings made by Guy Carawan in 1953 and 1961 with notes by Guy Carawan, May Justus and Bene Scanlon Cox." Contents and sample songs on the Jubilee web site.

Ritchie, Edna. Edna Ritchie Songs of Appalachia. 1962 audio recording. CD. Sharon, CT: Folk-Legacy Records, 2006. Includes "The Riddle Song."

Appalachian Riddle Song (Lesson Plan). TeacherVision web site. Family Education Network. This lesson focuses on “The Riddle Song” to show the pentatonic scale and Appalachian culture.

Toelken, J. Barre. "Riddles Wisely Expounded." Western Folklore, vol. 25, no. 1 (Jan. 1966): pp. 1-16. Western States Folklore Society. Available online through library services such as JSTOR. The article discusses the narrative technique of riddle ballads, including several American versions of older European ballads. The Kentucky "Riddle Song" is a descendant of "Captain Wedderburn's Courtship" (Child Ballad 46). As in other examples, the song's riddles have a suggestive series of images (cherry-egg-ring-baby in "The Riddle Song") masked by innocent and homely solutions that are stated explicitly. Comments by Cecil Sharp and references to versions he collected are included. The article argues that double-entendre, with "folk beliefs, colloquial metaphors and ambiguous figures of speech" creating dramatic episodes, is an ancient tradition in riddles, as Old English riddles from the Exeter book illustrate.

Riddles in Folktales

Ashpet: An American Cinderella. Dir. Tom Davenport, 1990. In this film with a realistic World War II setting, the role of the fairy godmother or wise witch-woman was rewritten and expanded for a wonderful African American storyteller,

Louise Anderson, who tells riddles and a short tale within the tale in the role of Dark Sally. She encourages Ashpet to remember her dead mother, use her real name Lily, stop letting people take advantage of her, and above all, to use her brain for her own benefit. Sally's magic comes from deep wisdom combined with good humor, matriarchal strength, and family and community history. She reinforces the heroine's direct links with a beneficent maternal influence, a theme emphasized in the German "Ashputtle" and other old tales, when she gives Ashpet beautiful clothes and jewelry that had belonged to her mother. This Ashpet is more independent than other Cinderellas because she decides to leave her foolish and selfish family herself, as well as planning to wait for the soldier she loves. See AppLit's bibliography of Davenport's From the Brothers Grimm Films.

Davenport, Tom, and Gary Carden. From the Brothers Grimm: A Contemporary Retelling of American Folktales and Classic Stories. Fort Atkinson, WI: Highsmith, 1992. In one scene in "Ashpet," the selfish sisters want love potions from Sally, who asks the following riddles (on pp. 3-4).

Ashpet's stepsisters can't get this one and Sally tells them, "The answer is in your own mouth! You're not very good at riddles, I guess. Now listen girls. You don't get a charm until you answer a riddle. What's this?"

Thelma answers "Six, of course!" but Sally explains the right answer. "You are so pitiful, I'll give you one more chance."

"It's your pathway home,' said Sally. 'You answered no riddles, so you get no love potions. No go on home before I turn you into bullfrogs.'"

Later Ashpet says her mother taught her the following riddle and Sally says that Ashpet's mother learned it from her:

Riddles in Other Folktales

Davis, Donald. "The Time Jack Solved the Hardest Riddle." Jack Always Seeks His Fortune: Authentic Appalachian Jack Tales. Little Rock: August House, 1992. pp. 163-77. The king's daughter says of her evil stepmother, who has thrown her and Jack in the dungeon, "A riddle, Jack. A riddle. My stepmother cannot resist a riddle. I think if you ask her some riddles that she couldn't get the answer to, she just wouldn't be able to kill you until she could find out." The queen agrees to a riddle contest, claiming she knows every riddle in the world (p. 169). They exchange a series of three riddles each (see Jack's first riddle below). Jack goes on a quest for a year to find the answer to this question: "If a woman should desire to spend all of her life with one man, what, above all else, would she desire about that man?" Davis notes that the tale about a man who has to answer riddles by and about women is similar to the one told by the Wife of Bath in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Davis puts a heart-warming spin on this tale with an emphasis on friendship,

In "The Farmer's Daughter" and related tales listed at this link, a clever woman answers riddles to help her father and husband, and get what she wants. For example, in Marie Campbell's Tales from the Cloud Walking Country (1958. Rpt. Athens: U of Georgia Press, 2000, pp. 198-200), the king tells a farmer he will take his farm away if he doesn't "riddle out the answers" to these questions by the next day. The farmer's "smart daughter" gives her father the answers after "ponder[ing] a minute." The king then asks for the woman to come to him "not wearing her clothes and not going bare-naked; not a-walking and not a-riding, and with a present for me that won't be a present." She solves this dilemma by wrapping herself in a fish net, riding a nanny goat with her feet dragging on the ground, and taking a live pigeon that is a present but won't be a present, as it flies off from the king. After the king marries her because she is so smart, he sends her home for butting into his business, but he tells her to take whatever she loves best with her. While he sleeps, she takes him to her old home because she loves him best, thus saving her marriage. These motifs occur in many different folktales. Here are the first 3 riddles from the king.

In "Like Meat Loves Salt," the heroine uses a kind of riddle to demonstrate her loyalty to her father. As in Shakespeare's King Lear, it is not until her father understands that meat is horrible without salt that the father realizes his daughter has enigmatically expressed her superior devotion.

Long, Maud. "Love: A Riddle Tale." In Lindahl, Carl, ed. American Folktales: From the Collections of the Library of Congress. Vol. 1. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2004. pp. 113-14. In the first chapter on "The Nation's Most Celebrated Storytelling Family: The Hickses and the Harmons." Lindahl notes that folklorists call this type a "neck riddle" because the only way a man who is condemned to death "can save his neck is to pose a riddle that his captors cannot solve." Long begins, "My mother knew a great many riddles and she could say them so fast that it would just make your head swim." Three different riddles are included here; the first one that Long liked is about lightning going "Through a rock, through a reel / Through an old spinning wheel," etc. The following is the neck riddle with a brief explanation about a man who would be hanged unless he told a riddle that the king's courtiers couldn't guess, so he put some of his beautiful collie's fur in his glove and shoes and pants, and the dog's name was Love.

"Mister Fox" and "Jack and His Master" contain riddles and women who outsmart murderers.

"Jack and His Master." In Leonard Roberts, South From Hell-fer-Sartin': Kentucky Mountain Folk Tales. Lexington: U Press of Kentucky, 1955. Rpt. Berea, KY: The Council of the Southern Mountains, 1964. pp. 105-6. "Told by Janis Morgan, age 12, Leslie County...heard from her grandmother" (p. 243). The villains, who kill people during cotton pickin', are Jack and his master. When Mary goes off alone to meet them, the rocks and twigs and trees tell her, "O fair maiden, don't be so bold, / Your own heart's blood will soon turn cold." Mary hides in a "blood-hole" when the murderers drag in an old woman, kill her, and throw her ring into the hole. Later Mary tells what she saw as if it were a dream, producing the ring as evidence, and "everybody took Jack and his master out and killed them." Roberts' detailed notes affirm the likelihood of an English source, and include a riddle which he suggests is "the detached cante fable verses of this story" (p. 243):

In "Rumpelstiltskin" Adaptations, the heroine has to solve a kind of riddle or guessing game by discovering the name of the devious magical helper in order to save her baby. See, for example, Becky Mushko's "Ferradiddledumday."

General Resources

Axelrod, Alan and Harry Oster. The Penguin Dictionary of American Folklore. New York: Penguin, 2000. A short entry on Riddles classifies them as description riddles, comparison riddles, contrast riddles, definition riddles, and visual riddles (e.g., using hand motions). This list does not seem to cover many of the riddles (common in Appalachian traditions) that are based on puns, tricks of spelling, and other word play.

Coffin, Tristram P., and Hennig Cohen. Folklore in America: Tales, Songs, Superstitions, Proverbs, Riddles, Games, Folk Drama and Folk Festivals. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966. Selected and edited from the Journal of American Folklore.

Dance, Daryl C. From My People: 400 Years of African American Folklore. New York: Norton, 2002. Includes a section on riddles and other verbal tests and contests, as well as traditional tales, recipes, proverbs, legends, folk songs, and folk art.

Dundas, Marjorie. Riddling Tales from Around the World. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2002. Chapter 1, "Clever Manka-type Riddling Tales," has six tales similar to "The Farmer's Daughter." The Introduction discusses the many different types of riddling in the 79 tales and songs. A brief tale from the Ozarks is a "neck riddle" (like Maud Long's "Love: A Riddle Tale," above) in which a mother saves her seven sons from hanging by asking a riddle the king can't answer. A section on ballads and songs includes the American "Riddle Song."

Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art. 3 vols. 2nd ed. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2011. Includes a section on Riddles in vol. 3 and Appalachian folklore in vol. 1. In the latter, on p. 105, it observes that riddles were never as common as proverbs in southern Appalachia. "This encyclopedia covers all the major genres of both ancient and contemporary folklore. This second edition adds more than 100 entries that examine the folklore practices of major ethnic groups, folk heroes, creatures of myth and legend, and emerging areas of interest in folklore studies."

Good Riddles Now. Zablocki Bros., 2013. A web site by a student at Central Michigan University, hoping "to become the world's most comprehensive, engaging site for riddles, puzzles, and word play."

Haslem, Lori Schroeder. "Riddle." The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales. Vol. 3. Ed. Donald Haase. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2008. pp. 808-9. "A contest of wits and knowledge is at the heart of riddle-work, which is often tied to cultural initiation rites and can occur in either a playful setting (as with the joke-riddle or riddling sessions) or a serious one," such as tales in which a condemned man is freed through riddles.

Jones, Alison. "Riddles." Larousse Dictionary of World Folklore. New York: Larousse, 1995. pp. 368-69. "Solving riddles engages the mind with the external, puzzling world, rationalizing patterns of similarity and peculiarity, and bringing the environment within the compass of tribal comprehension.” And riddling “develops the capacity for sustained, imaginative application in the individual intellect of both children and adults." Jones discusses the "strong magical or religious significance" of riddles "in some societies," and observes that "one of the most widespread motifs in folklore is the riddle contest, in which the hero stakes his life, his reputation, or his claim to the glittering prize upon his ability to answer the riddles set him. Sometimes he may triumph through his own cleverness, more usually he benefits from helpful animals or supernatural aid." The Riddle of the Sphinx and Biblical riddles Samson asks Solomon are examples.

Opie, Iona A, and Peter Opie. I Saw Esau: The Schoolchild's Pocket Book. Illus. Maurice Sendak. Cambridge, Mass: Candlewick Press, 1992. Children's oral rhymes and riddles collected by the Opies.

Opie, Iona and Peter. The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes. Oxford: Clarendon, 1952. Detailed notes on each traditional rhyme.

Peppicello, W. J., and Thomas A. Green. The Language of Riddling. Columbus: The Ohio State Univ. Press, 1984.

"The Princess Who Wanted to Solve Riddles." In Thompson, Stith. One Hundred Favorite Folktales. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1968. pp. 345-47. Available as E-book. From Russian Fairy Tales. Ed. Norbert Guterman. Pantheon, 1945. Ivan the Simpleton insists on going to face the challenge of the Tsar's daughter, who wants to solve riddles and says she will marry the man who tells one she cannot solve; his head will be cut off if she can solve his riddle. Ivan acquires several objects along the way and asks a confusing riddle about those, which the princess can't find it in her book of riddles, so she puts off answering until the next day, and sends a servant to promise Ivan gold and silver if he'll solve her riddles. He says he has plenty of money and gets the princess to stand all night in his room without sleeping; he then tells her his answer so she knows it in front of the court. After a second similar night, Ivan devises another riddle that she can't answer because it would reveal to the court her failures and attempts to bribe him. She declares on the third day that she can't answer, so she has to marry him, and they live happily after a fine wedding. This book also contains "The Clever Peasant Girl," an Italian tale similar to "The Farmer's Daughter"

Scott, C. T. "On Defining the Riddle." Folklore Genres. Ed. Dan Ben-Amos. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1976. Publications of the American Folklore Society. Bibliographical and special series, Vol. 26.

Schwartz, Alvin. Tomfoolery: Trickery and Foolery with Words. Illus. Glen Rounds. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1973. Riddles and other jokes for children, collected from American folklore by Schwartz.

Tucker, Elizabeth. Children's Folklore: A Handbook. Greenwood Folklore Handbooks. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2008. 164 pp. Includes examples of riddles and other folklore texts. Available as E-book.

Zablocki, Trevor and Justin. Good Riddles Now. 2013. A web site hoping "to become the world's most comprehensive, engaging site for riddles, puzzles, and word play."